Abstract:
Dissemination of Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae is a major medical threat. Vegetables and fruits, which are usually consumed raw, are a very suitable pathway for the spread of these bacteria from farm-to-fork. However, limited information exists regarding resistant bacteria and epidemic clones that are disseminated in vegetables and tap water in South America. We processed a total of 90 samples in triplicate of nine typically consumed raw vegetables from a central municipal market, and tap water samples were processed from twenty-one locations in Quito, Ecuador. The samples were analyzed for total coliforms and ESBL Enterobacteriaceae contamination using the dilution filtration method. ESBL Escherichia coli isolates were phenotypically and genotypically characterized. The water was free of Enterobacteriaceae, but all the vegetables and fruits (except for blackberries) presented total coliform counts. Watercress had the highest load of total coliforms (3.3 × 10E4). ESBL E. coli was detected in alfalfa, leaf lettuce and parsley/cilantro samples. Alfalfa had the highest load of ESBL E. coli/total coliforms (1/3.3 × 10E2). We identified E. coli ST44-A and ST410-A harboring blaCTX-M-15 downstream of ISEcp1. Alfalfa and parsley/cilantro were contaminated with hyperepidemic E. coli ST410-A, which was resistant to quinolones and harbored blaCTX-M-15. For the first time, we report ESBL E. coli ST410-A from vegetables and express an alert regarding the health risk this could represent.